Lakan Bunao Dula
(royal title: Lakan; first name: Bunao; surname: Dula) was a native muslim king
of Tundun (a large area covering most of what is now present-day Metro Manila),
when the Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands had begun.He was born
on December 16, 1503 and died on March 21, 1589 of old age. He ruled a
community of Muslim people who lived north of the Pasig River.Lakan Dula was
one of three Muslim chieftains in the Manila during the arrival of the Spanish
conquistadors led by Martín de Goiti, and Juan de Salcedo in 1570. Lakan Dula
was the regnal name of the last Lakan (king or paramount ruler) of the
pre-colonial Kingdom of Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of
the Pasig River delta in what is now the Philippines in the 1570s.[2]
The firsthand account of Spanish Royal Notary Hernando Riquel[1]:13 says
that he introduced himself to the Spanish as "Lakan Bunao Dula",
indicating that his given name was "Bunao".[3] He later converted to
Christianity and was baptised Lakan Carlos Dula.[4] Two among his children were
bestowed to inherit the royal surname Dula, the eldest and heir apparent Batang
Dula, and Martin Lakan Dula. The rest, they were baptized into different native
sounding surnames. Another common variation of the name is Gat Dula
(alternatively spelled as a single word,Gatdula).[5] He is sometimes
erroneously referred to as Rajah Lakandula, but the terms "Rajah" and
"Lakan" have the same meaning, and in this domain the native Lakan
title was used, making the use of both "Rajah" and
"Lakandula" at the same time redundant and erroneous.[2]
Along with Rajah
Matanda and Rajah Sulayman, he was one of three Rajahs who played significant
roles in the Spanish conquest of the kingdoms of the Pasig River delta during
the earliest days of the Philippines' Spanish Colonial Period.[3] While it is
unclear whether the entire name "Lakan Dula" represented a single
titular name during his own lifetime, a few of his descendants in the first few
generations after his death came to refer to themselves as the "Lakan Dula
of Tondo", taking that name on as a noble title.[6]
Over time, Lakan Dula's name has come to be written in several ways.
However, according to the firsthand account written by Hernando Riquel,the
royal notary who accompanied Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Lord of Tondo
specifically identified himself as "Si Lakan Banao Dula, lord of the town
of Tondo"[1] when he went onboard Legazpi's ship with the Lords of Manila
on May 18, 1571. The lords of Manila introduced themselves as "Rajah Ache
the Old and Rajah Soliman the Young, lords and principals of the town of
Manila"[1]
In page 13 of
"Cracks in the Parchment Curtain", preeminent historian William Henry
Scott quotes Riquel's original text, which he found in the Spanish archives
under "Archivo General de Indias Seccion Patronato leg. 24, no 24."
The relevant part of the text read: [1]
...declaracion llamarse Raha Ache el
Viejo y Raha Solimane el Mozo, senores y principales del pueblo de Manila, y Si
Lacan Bunao Dula, principal del pueblo de Tondo...(emphasis added)
Historians routinely remove the Filipino linking verb "si",
analogous to the English "am", from recorded names in this era,
because Spanish writers who had not yet learned the local languages often
mistakenly attached it to Filipino names. Historians thus record that the Lakan
introduced himself as "Lakan Bunao Dula."[1]
Bunaw was the given name of the lord of Tondo at the time of the Spanish
advent, and his title "Lakan" refers to a monarch and was the
equivalent of "Rajah" or "King".[3][7] This leaves the
matter of the addendum "Dula" to be settled. This could have been a family name such as Filipinos use
today indicating an advanced civilization, because family names were only
introduced to the Filipino culture later, by Governor General Narciso Clavería
y Zaldúa on November 11, 1849.[8] Historian Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino,
however, suggested that Dula was not a personal name at all, but a local word
for "Palace," such that "Lakan Dula" was the local-language
title, "Lord of the Palace" of the rulers of Tondo.[9] However, most historians are saying that Dula
is the alibata spelling of Doylly (there is no letter Y in the ancient
Alibata), the surname of the British wife (Ysmeria Doylly) of Rajah Sulaiman
Bolkiah I, the father of Lakan Dula. It
seems that Dula is indeed a regnal surname indicating a unity of Bolkiah
royalty with the British aristocracy. Analogously, Rajah Ache was also referred
to as Rajah Matanda (Old Rajah), while Rajah Sulayman was sometimes referred to
as Rajah Muda or Rajamora (Young Rajah).[1][2][3][5][7]
In the Gat Dula variant of the name, the word or prefix Gat is a shortened
version of the Tagalog honorific "Pamagat", which at the time meant
"nobleman," such that the variant literally read "Nobleman of
the Palace", which meant essentially the same thing as the Kapampangan
version.[5]
In any case, most
contemporary historians continue to refer to him as Lakan Dula. Where
historians such as Dery and Scott explain that his given name is Bunaw, they
then continue to refer to him as Lakan Dula.[3][5] Joaquin does something
similar, explaining that the Lakan's given name is Bunaw, and then proceeding
to call him Lakan Dula (separate words) throughout his "Manila, My
Manila" manuscript.[2]
With the term "Rajah" and "Lakan" meaning the same
thing, the "Rajah Lakandula" variation of the title was also never
used in the original sources pertaining to Lakan Dula,[10] and Philippine
historian and national artist for literature Nick Joaquin takes pains to point
out that the term Lakan, not Rajah, was used by the rulers of the Kingdom of
Tondo.[2]
Life before the arrival of the Spanish
Little is known about
the early life of Lakan Bunaw Dula before the arrival of Legazpi. According to
National Artist Nick Joaquin "he is presumed to be of native birth,"
with mixed Tagalog and British descent. Joaquin adds that "He was said to
be a descendant of King Balagtas."[2]
Joaquin further speculates on Lakan Dula's
religious beliefs:[2]
"Tondo's Lakan
Dula may have been unusual in being neither foreign nor muslim. This was
indicated by his use of the native term Lakan instead of the foreign title
Rajah. Lakan Dula can be presumed… to have been reared in the anito cults. One
guess is that he converted to islam, then changed his mind and returned to his
native faith."
Joaquin also expounds
on the economic context of Lakan Dula's reign over Tondo: [2]
"Tondo had replaced Namayan as the chief port of entry on Manila
Bay. Tondo was right on the seaside. This was the advantage it had over
Namayan, which was upriver inland. So the merchant ships that came into the bay
preferred to unload their goods at the port of Tondo. And now it was the king
of Tondo who was responsible for sending the merchandise upriver to the
lakeside communities, there to be traded for local products. Tondo was thus the
distributing center, or entrepot, on the delta... At the time of Lakan Dula,
Tondo was at the height of its career as an entrepot…."
William Henry Scott notes that Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi
says they were "more traders than warriors", and that Tondo's ships,
along with those of the Borneans, dominated trade through the rest of the
archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Tondo
boats as "Chinese" (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese
goods.[1]
When ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakan Dula would remove the
sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees,
and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value
immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following
year. In the interim, he would trade these goods with peoples further upstream
and all over the archipelago, the end result being that other locals were not
able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Lakan Dula, who made a
tidy profit as a result.[1][6] [9]
Arrival of Legazpi, May 1571
When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi came to Manila Bay in May 1571, Lakan Dula
was there to meet him. The two first met on May 17, the day after Legazpi's
arrival on the bay, when Lakan Dula and Rajah Matanda came aboard Legazpi's
ship to discuss terms with him. Part of these discussions specified that the
Spanish would not land in Tondo, and would instead land in Maynila, which had
been burned to the ground the year before. Joaquin suggests that Lakan Dula
would "have seen that Legaspi was being practical. Burned down and
emptied, Maynila would be a better spot to fortify, being more
strategic."[2]
On May 18, 1571 Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, and Lakan Dula ackno
wledged the sovereignty of Spain over
the islands and proclaimed themselves the vassals of Spain. On the following
day, May 19, Legazpi landed in Manila and took ceremonial possession of the
land in the presence of Soliman, Matanda, and Lakan Dula.[2][3][7]
Lakan Dula helped make a house for Legaspi, and a fort for the Spanish,
giving them fourteen pieces of artillery and twelve jars of gunpowder – a gift
much appreciated by the Spanish, who were running low on ammunition.[1][2][3]
Soon after, Lakan Dula and his sons became baptized as Catholics. The
Spanish had Manila's artillery and arquebuses discharged in honor of the
ceremony.[2][3]Lakan Banao Dula took on the name Lakan Carlos Dula after
Charles I of Spain.[11]
The
Battle of Bangkusay, June 1571
It wasn't long before Spanish power in Luzon was challenged. A month
later, Tarik Sulayman of Macabebe attacked Manila, convincing Rajah Sulayman to
join the battle against Legazpi. Macabebe and Sulayman's forces were defeated,
and the Datu of Macabebe was killed in what history would record as the Battle
of Bangkusay. (The similarity of names has caused some confusion between these two
leaders, but Tarik Sulayman and Rajah Sulayman were different individuals - one
survived the battle, and the other did not.) [2]
Lakan Dula had refused to join Macabebe and Sulayman's coalition, but
among the prisoners taken by the Spanish after the battle were two of his
nephews and a number of his officers. When questioned, they said that they had
been on the scene only as observers, not as combatants. Legazpi let them go to
demonstrate his confidence in Lakan Dula.[2]
Joaquin notes that this was a wise
choice on Legaspi's part.:[2]
"If he had been playing a double
game before, Lakan Dula now became earnest in supporting the Spanish. It may be
he who persuaded the fugitive Soliman to surrender and return to the good
graces of Legazpi."
Expedition to Pampanga and Bulacan,
late 1571
Later that year, Legaspi sent Martin de Goiti to spread Spanish rule to
the peoples of what are now the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga, most notably
the territories of Lubao and Betis. In November 14, 1571 he reached Calumpit
and Malolos and conceded the settlement under Spanish Crown. He sent Lakan Dula
and Sulayman with him, because, as one account has it, "if so great a
chief should go with him, when the Pampangos saw that he had given obedience to
His Majesty, they would give it also."[1][2][3]
The account
continues:[1]
"Lakan Dula
agreed to go, and served with two ships provided at his cost, and distinguished
himself by performing much service for His Majesty, and went along so the said
Pampangos would give him obedience, as in fact they did."
These boats were Joangas, which, as Dery[3] points out, was a seacraft
common in Maritime Southeast Asia capable of carrying 300 men each.[3][7]
Attack by Limahong, 1574
Lakan Dula's close association with the Spanish continued despite
Legaspi's death on August 20, 1572 and his replacement as Governor by Guido de
Lavezares, who had been the colony's treasurer. Lakan Dula was on hand to help
repel the invading corsair Limahong when he came to try and sack manila in
1574.[1][2][3]
Death
Mentions of Lakan Dula's death are few, but Scott indicates that he died
in 1575, "three years after" Legazpi and Rajah Matanda, who both died
in 1572.[1][7]:192
Lakan Dula's role as ruler of Tondo was then taken up by his
grandnephew, and Rajah Soliman's adopted son, Agustin de Legazpi.[1][7]:192
Agustin de Legazpi, who was married to the cousin of Sultan Bolkiah,
would lead Tondo as a territory under Spanish rule until he rose up against
them in 1587-1588 Revolt of the Lakans, and was deposed and killed as a
result.[1][7]:192
The Heirs of Lakan Dula
In 1587 Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, and Augustin
de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew, and the lords of the neighboring areas of
Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan were executed for
secretly conspiring to overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that
Magat Salamat's descendants settled in Hagonoy, Bulacan and many of his
descendants spread from this area.[16]
David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish mother
escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in Isla de
Batag, Northern Samar and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan David).
Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname and
adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia Civil
based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They were
charged with planning to attack the Spanish detachment. [16]
Documentary
Sources
Primary documentary
sources about Lakan Dula are sparse, so much so that there has been debate
about the actual name of the Lakan. Dery identifies three types of sources
regarding Lakan Dula:[3] direct accounts of Legaspi's 1571 conquest, and
indirect references from other documents of the period; a record group in the
Philippine National Archives collectively referred to as the "LaKan Dula
Documents" containing mostly 18th century Genealogical Documents; and folklore,
which "suggests prior lineage where documentation definitively identifies
only descendants".
Direct
accounts and references from period documents
In his
"Bibliographic Essay" at the end of his book "Barangay:Sixteenth
Century Philippine Culture and Society", William Henry Scott[7]:284
identifies the three accounts directly detailing the events of Lakan Dula's
lifetime: An account written by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi himself; An account by
royal notary Hernando Riquel who was part of Legazpi's expedition; and a third
account which is anonymous, but which Scott suggests is probably written by
royal notary Hernando Riquel. Scott singles this third account out as
particularly useful, because it includes careful observations of the islands
and people contacted.[7]:284
Scott also identifies other
accounts that don't directly refer to that occasion, but provide additional information
about conditions at the time. These include two accounts of the Magellan
voyage, reports from the attacks on Borneo in 1578-79, letters to the king from
royal auditor Melchor de Avalos, Reports by later Governors General, passing
details in sworn testimony about Augustinian activities (the latter two
recorded in Blair and Robertson), Correspondence of Augustinian Fray Martin de
Rada, the Relacion accounts of Miguel de Loarca and Juan de Plasencia, and the
Boxer Codex, which "can be dated to 1590 on internal
evidence."[7]:284
Descendants
of Lakan Dula
Lakan Dula was the most prolific of Luzon's ancient rulers. His
descendants are spread out all across the Kapampangan Region during the Spanish
colonial era.[3] He fathered at seven children, namely, Batang Dula, Martin Lakan Dula, Don Dionisio
Capulong, the Datu of Candaba; Don Phelipe Salonga, the Datu of Pulu; Magat
Salamat, the Datu of Tondo, Maria Poloin and Luis Taclocmao . Batang Dula has
three children: David, Daba and Dola. They were hidden in different places
within sea routes and given vast tract of lands, farm workers, and armed
followers. The plantation given to David was named Kandawid, the one given to
Daba was now known as Kandaba and that of Dola is known as Kandola in San Luis Pampanga.Kan
is an ancient tagalog word for owned. The well-known descendants of Dola are
the Macapagal of Lubao through Carlos Lacandola. The descendants of Daba are
the Capulong of Candaba and their relatives are the Gatbontons. The descendants
of David Dula y Goiti are the Dulay of Candawid, Isla de Batang, Laoang,
Northern Samar, and in Samara, Aringay in La Union. There are other descendants
of Lakan Dula such as those who descended from his other children. It is still
a historical mystery why only the eldest son, and the second to the eldest
carried the regnal surname Dula. The rest adopted a different native sounding
surnames (Carating, 2014, p.36). The descendants of Dionisio Capulong revolve
around his only recorded son Juan Gonzalo Capulong from where the clan of Atty.
Romeo Capulong came from. Atty. Romeo Capulong said that their clan is so
protective and proud of their surname because of its link to Lakan Dula. They
will never change surname or sell their surname despite the fact that there are
so many families in Pampanga who want to claim that they came from the son of
Juan Gonzalo Capulong. "If they are indeed the sons, how come they have
different surnames? It is a historical plunder to say that someone with a
Capulong surname will have a son with a surname of Macapagal". How? Why?
Atty. Capulong asked. Historical accounts would say that after a very intense
persecution of native aristocracy in Intramuros, Batang Dula and his wife,
Senorita Goiti were forced to hide in a nearby fertile land earlier given to
their daughter Daba, and changed their identity. Batang Dula used the surname
Capulong and the couple lived a normal life and gave birth to their fourth
child whom they named as Juan. When Senorita Goiti died, Batang Dula, who was
then already known as Capulong, remarried and have several children who used
different surnames to hide their identity. The descendant of Luis Taclomao
could be Juan Macapagal of Arayat.
Lakan Dula's sons and nephews were
implicated in the Revolt of the Lakans of 1588, a conspiracy meant to overthrow
Spanish that was spearheaded by the former ruling class of the defeated Luzon
Empire. His son Magat Salamat was executed by the Spanish authorities while the
rest were executed.
Learning from this
experience, his great grandson Don Juan Macapagal, Master-of-Camp and Datu of
Arayat, aided the Spanish authorities in suppressing the 1660 Kapampangan
Revolt of Don Francisco Maniago and the Pangasinan Revolt of Don Andres Malong,
and the 1661 Ilocano Revolt. Because of his service to the Spanish crown, the
Spanish authorities revived the special privileges offered by the Spanish crown
to Lakan Dula and his descendants spread across the province of Pampanga. [3
The
Ancestors of David Dulay (David Dula y Goiti)
Batang Dula: Father of David Dula y
Goiti;Son of Lakan Dula and Mutya;Brother of Mart
in Lakan Dula, Maria Poloin, Luis
Taclocmao,Magat Salamat, Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Capulong;
Lakan Dula (1503–1589): David's
grandfather, Husband of Mutya, Son of Rajah Sulaiman Bolkiah I and Ysmeria
Doylly, Father of Batang Dula, Martin Lakan Dula, Maria Poloin, Luis Taclocmao,
Magat Salamat, Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Capulong;
Mutya: David's grandmother, Wife of
Lakan Dula, Mother of Batang Dula,Martin Lakan Dula, Maria Poloin, Luis Taclocman,
Felipe Salonga, Magat Salamat, Dionisio Capulong;
Rajah Sulaiman Bolkiah I: David's
great grandfather, Son of Rajah Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan, Husband of
Ysmeria Doylly, Father of Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman Dula II,, Brother of
Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat and Gat Kahiya;
Ysmeria Doylly: David's great
grandmother, Wife of Rajah Sulaiman Bolkiah I, Mother of Lakan Dula and Rajah
Sulaiman Dula II;
Rajah Lontok: David's second great
grandfather, Son of Sultan Bolkiah and Lela Mechanai, Husband of Dayang
Kalangitan, Father of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and Gat
Kahiya, Brother of Rajah Gappandan;
Dayang Kalangitan: David's second
great grandmother, Wife of Rajah Lontok,Mother of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang
Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and Gat Kahiya;
Sultan Bolkiah: David's third great
grandfather, Son of Sultan Sulaiman, Husband of Lela Mechanai, Father of Rajah
Lontok and Rajah Gappandan;
Lela Mechanai: David's third great
grandmother, Daughter of Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra, Wife of Sultan Bolkiah, Mother
of Rajah Lontok and Rajah Gappandan;
Rajah Gambang: David's third great
grandfather, Father of Dayang Kalangitan;
Sultan Sulaiman: David's fourth great
grandfather, Father of Sultan Bolkiah;
Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra: David's fourth
great grandfather, Father of Lela Mechanai;
Rajah Alon: David's fifth great
grandfather, Son of Lakan Timamanukum;
Lakan Timamanukum: David's 6th great
grandfather, Father of Rajah Alon.
The current David Dulay descendants
are the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the late Eleuterio
Dulay, Sr. of Laoang, N. Samar, and a mayor for more than 20 years during the
Marcos Regime and Petre Dulay of Isla de Batag.
Later
Descendants
In 1990, Philippine
historian Luciano P.R. Santiago wrote an article for the Philippine Quarterly
of Culture and Society which details the identities and life stories of some of
the descendants of Lakan Dula, mostly based on a 1589 document known as the
"Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas", which is part of the "Lakan
Dula Documents" of the Philippine National Archives.[6] The document had
been issued by the individual known as Fernando Malang Balagtas to affirm his
own claim as descendant of Lakan Dula so that his descendants could in turn
continue to enjoy the special privileges offered by the Spanish crown to Lakan
Dula and his descendants.[6]
Another Philippine
historian, Luis Camara Dery, quotes significant portions of the 1589 document
in his book "A History of the Inarticulate",[3] while William Henry
Scott cites the document in several publications, notably his book "Cracks
in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History."[1] Dery
notes that this "Will of Fernando Malang Balagtas" has thus become a
major documentary resource regarding the supposed later descendants of Lakan
Dula.[3]
Santiago recounts
that these privileges had been discontinued for a while in the aftermath of
Lakan Dula's death, because some of the descendants came into conflict with the
Spanish authorities. According to Santiago[6] and Dery,[3] the Balagtas
document recounts that these privileges were restored when a Juan Macapagal,
who claimed to be a great grandson of Lakan Dula, aided the Spanish authorities
in suppressing the 1660 Maniago revolt, the 1660-61 Malong revolt, and the 1661
Almazan revolt, performing his role as Master-of-Camp and Datu of Arayat.[3][6]
In 1758, A Gremio de
Lakan Dula was created to safeguard the rights and privileges of the
Kapampangan descendants of Lakan Dula as assured by the Spanish crown.[6]
During the British invasion of 1762–64, the descendants of Lakan Dula,
concentrated in the province of Pampanga, formed a company of volunteers to
fight the British and were granted autonomy by Governor General Simon de
Anda.[6]
By Santiago's genealogical
reckoning, prominent Lakan Dula descendants of the 20th century include the
former Philippine Presidents Diosdado Macapagal andGloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
former Philippine Senate President Jovito Salonga, international stage
celebrity Lea Salonga, pioneer Filipino industrialist Gonzalo Puyat, and former
Philippine Senate President Gil Puyat.[6]
Legacy
The BRP Rajah Lakan
Dula (PF-4) was a Destroyer Escort / Frigate, USS Camp / DER-251, and is the
only ex-USN Edsall-class destroyer escort that served the Philippine Navy. She
was also the flagship of the Philippine Navy from 1981 to 1988. Struck from the
Navy List in 1988, she was still in use as stationary barracks ship in Subic
Bay as of 1999.
The Order of Lakan
Dula is one of the highest honors given by the Republic of the Philippines. It
is an order of political and civic merit, awarded in memory of Lakan Dula's
dedication to the responsibilities of leadership, prudence, fortitude, courage
and resolve in the service of one's people.
The BRP Rajah Lakan Dula (PF-4) was
the Destroyer Escort / Frigate and is the only ex-USN Edsall-class destroyer
escort that served the Philippine Navy. She was also the flagship of the
Philippine Navy from 1981 to 1988. Struck from the Navy List in 1988, she was
still in use as stationary barracks ship in Subic Bay as of 1999.
A number of Lakan
Dula Elementary and Secondary Schools are named after Lakan Dula, notably in
the City of Manila, and the Province of Pampanga, both closely associated with
Banaw Lakan Dula.
References:
- ^ Aurelio Tolentino
- ^ William Henry Scott
- ^ a b c d e f g Luciano P.R. Santiago
- ^ http://northern_samar.totallyexplained.com/
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Ang
Angkan ng Dulay Dito sa Lambak ng Marikina". google.com. http://sites.google.com/site/dulayclan/Home.
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Scott,
William Henry (1982). Cracks in the
Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon
City: New Day Publishers.ISBN 978-971-10-0000-4.
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Joaqiun,
Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young.
City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dery,
Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon
City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-1069-0.
- Jump
up^ The Philippine
revolution and beyond: papers from the International Conference on the
Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 1, National
Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines), National Centennial
Commission (Philippines), Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National
Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1998, p. 111
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d Scott, William Henry (1992). Looking
for the Prehispanic Filipino. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0524-7.
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Santiago, Luciano P.R (March
1990). "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]:
Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of
Culture and Society 18 (1).
- ^ Jump
up to:a b c d e f g h i j Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay:
Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo
de Manila University Press. pp. page 192.ISBN 971-550-135-4.
- Jump
up^ Jernegan, Prescott Ford
(1905) "A
short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools".
pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
- ^ Jump
up to:a b Sevilla y
Tolentino, Jose N. (1922). Mga
Dakilang Pilipino o Ang Kaibigan ng mga Nagaaral (in
Tagalog). pp. 12–13.
- Jump
up^ Laput, Ernesto J. Buhay Sa Nayon "Buhay sa
Nayon". Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan (in
Tagalog). Ernesto J. Laput.
- Jump
up^ A history of Brunei,
Graham E. Saunders, Routledge, 2002, p.
54
- Carating,
R. R., Galanta, R.G., Bacatio, C.D.(2014). The Soils of the
Philippines. New York City: Springer Science and Business.
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